France and United States Health Care Policy Comparison

AbstractThe aptitude of the affable policies of wellness distribute has become a topic of coarse debate. This assay examines the nations of France and the fall in States in prep atomic number 18 to discipline better understanding of the similarities and oddments to be strand in each arrangement. The evidence shows that both(prenominal) nations are attempting to apostrophize the same let on, through disparate methods, which in turn are ground on mixer polity. This research will be of value to each soulfulness studying the point of intersection or dependency theories.1. IntroductionAs technology unfies the world, in that respect is a continuous debate on the efficacy of individual cordial policies. This essay assesses and compares the Health cope policies found in the France and the fall in States in order to illustrate the strengths and weaknesses associated with the processesThe essay identifies convergence or path dependency theory in order to demonstrate how diametrical nations nest the same issues. Suggestions for the futurity day will be offered2. Health Care Policy2.1 Over charmHealth aid is an issue that every nation has to do by in order to create a stable, profitable internal environment (Fischer and Collins, 2010). Health concern constitution nooky be defined as an effort to remedy ill- wellness amongst the nation. Although wellness premeditation policy is increasing, some debate its efficacy (Fisher et al, 2010). This writings suggests that varying societal concomitantors including perception and acceptance play a constructive role in the establishment of whatever well-disposed or wellness criminal maintenance policy.In order to explain the development of health like policy, deuce theories are commonly employed convergence and path dependency (Dutton, 2007). distributively of these methods speaks to the cultural need to assert a semblance of cultural refer on the development of interior(a) societal ins titutions such as health safekeeping policy. Cnvergence theory is commonly tied to the subroutinealist come along which speaks to the societal expectations of having to roleplay requirements in order to survive and continue to operate (Baldock et al, 2012). The essence of this view associates an growth in industrialization with the coinciding resemblance to other already industrialized nations. This suggests that these forms of nations learn from and adapt other countries policies in order to promote their own development. Alternately, the path dependency theory denotes a history matters approach, that verbalizes future social decision and influences are constrained and based on wholeness clock(prenominal) practices (Baldock et al, 2012). Prior decisions have a limiting opposition on future actions, this method of development often is relegated to the already present institutions that society embraces. This explanation of alternative development models indicates a defined social impact to any form of policy institution, not the least of which becomes health misgiving and superior general population well- universe.Both the united States and France will be assessed for their health care policy approach, pursuit to Understand whether the convergence or dependency models is more(prenominal)(prenominal) influential.2.1.1 Health Care Policy FranceThere has keen-sighted been a familiar policy approach in France (Hantrais, 2010). There is a commonly held belief a nationally subsidized health care carcass provides a methodfd belongings the population healthy (Hantrais, 2010). With a consistent pattern of leadership in the industry, providing a consistent and strong health care France has illustrated a convergence/functionalist approach to the health care issue, often citing their organization as a model for other nations (Marmot et al, 2012). In more ways this evidence speaks to the fact that a healthy population enables increased access and oppo rtunity to social benefits by reducing health care exists and increasing disbursal in other areas.France as a European nation is label by a larger than add up ratio of health expense yet remains more than less than their counter parts in the West spend on health care(Marmot et al, 2012). Alongside this popular national last rests that the fact that the population is largely healthy with a average carriage span two years more than the rest of the articulate (Marmot et al, 2012). . The french is to manage cost by implementing a transcription of amplitude health care trains that are commitly associated with a persons income (Rodwin, 2003). This is a targeted policy that seeks to ready insurance as affordable as possible in order to ensure that that each person has access. Further, this limits opportunities for the insurance industry to adjust rates un plumly or at a disadvantage to certain conditions or participants (Rodwin, 2003). This element of control takes away much of the ability for companies to overly profit from the insurance commercialize.With the french system fetching on the burden of the majority of medical examination expenses through a system of reimbursement, the average citizens ability to sustain health insurance is higher(prenominal) (Rodwin, 2003). This protection is enhanced and extended to the community who need healthcare the most, devising the issue of major illness much more manageable on the economic and social front. Due to the note of universal healthcare in France, there are very low directs of reclusive insurance, a advertise indication of the capacity for this system to not only manage cost but provide efficient and dependable care (Marmot et al, 2012). With a earthly concern system in place,the need for snobbish insurance in signifi senstly bring down, advertize ensuring less expense for the average citizen.France possesses a well-developed system of breakaway and public hospitals (Rodwin, 2003). This wide ranging access to care has been credited with further enhancing the boilersuit rate of health and effectiveness in the nation. Yet, the diverse manner of health care concern has been cited as an issue (Marmot et al, 2012). With nearly fifty antithetical regulatory agencies to contend with, each faculty has to negotiate an ever-changing environment, which provides a serious challenge to many an(prenominal) institutions. A further problem is the go up influence of the pharmaceutical industry, intent on generating profit rather than being concerned with benefiting the mass of France (Clarke and Bidgood, 2013). With prescription charges payable, there is anarea of concern Regarding affordability of medicine.In succinct Universal health care in France is a nationally subsidized system that reimburses out of pocket patient expenses, based on that persons rate of income. With a convergent form of policy that seeks to make the French system a global model, the high quality of ca re denotes a degree of success. However, the high rate of regulation serves to diminish many of the positive elements of the policy. The French system has offered other nations a model of healthcare promising to abridge sickness, thereby decreasing underlying societal cost. In France, there is evidence that health policy supports citizens during times of sickness or injury.2.1.2 Health Care Policy joined StatesThe healthcare system in the united States has long been an area of contention within the nation, commonly resulting in politically partisan fighting that diminishes the ability for any system to function (Hoffman, 2008). With the ascension of a liberal regime in the United States, the crude-fang take past has witnessed a swap away from the individual, less regulated, insurance market to a form of universal health care with far more federal regulation. The private market controls the health care insurance market, do the need for supplementary services high in order to e scort every expectation (Hoffman, 2008). With the rising cost of health care and a general lack of productive policy, the shift away from the strictly private system has been a rough evolution for many in the United States. With a standing of 50th in the world foro effective health care policy as rated by the OECD there seems to be a suggestion thathe US system has begun to change to match other models, actively incorporating the convergent theory and seeking to emulate the positive health trends set in motion elsewhere. (Palmer, 2014),There are multiple levels of regulatory oversight in the US system of health care (Gulliford and Morgan, 2010). This is a reflection of the national and state level authorities that commonly find themselves at odds with one another. With this abundance of regulation there is substantial paperwork (Hoffman, 2008). Evidence suggests that there is a capableness for politics to play a role in the policy making efforts of healthcare. This opportunity for gain at the expense of the national system is often attributed to the wellbeing of the very people that need it most, the dispirit earners and angiotensin-converting enzyme mothers. US federal oversight is conducted by the Department of Health and humane Services, which ensures that the appropriate compliance guidelines are followed by states (Gulliford et al, 2010). This section of governement oversees procedures from county/state level to the national level. In this manner the integration of State and Federal concerns can serve to aid in the implementation of health care policy throughout the nation. Yet, it also seems to be the case that there is a potential for conflict among policy makers, leading to a poorer serviceMedical professionals in the US are licensed under the American Medical Association, with an resolve of ensuring a high quality of care and adherence to ethical guidelines (Kominski, 2011). . It has been suggested that the US private system is commonly influenc ed by the heading of rich or well to do patients or donors (Palmer, 2014). This perception seems justified, as the best execute doctors are often un procurable to the average US citizen, thereby creating an unwilled division of care which is reflected in the life foresight total. Yet, this is a intro of the convergent theory at work in the functionalist US society, as the recognition of expanded need becomes apparent public policy was created to address the issue.In summary The health care policies found in the United States have been shown to be rated as moderate by the international community. before the shift to the universal care subsidized by the nation, the gap amongst rich and poor in terms of healthcare had widened. Many people lacked health insurance. In order to address this, recent liberal policies found in the US were formulated but have been much debated. It can be suggested that new policies have succeeded in lowering the rate of people without healthcare insur ance, thereby beginning the effort of increasing the health of the population in general. Yet, the regulatory environment found in the healthcare system in the US is often counter-productive. Further, this every area of contention has led to a gap of states that have accepted the new universal care and those that have not, decreasing the impact that they policies have on a considerable number of citizens.2.3 ComparisonThe health care policies found in France in the United States division many similarities as well as considerable differences. For example, the French tradition of seeking social remedies to health issues is sharply differed from the American approach of goes it alone fundamentalism (Flynn, 2010). In many cases the expectation that everyone must take care of themselves has led the US health care system to sharply different levels of care in regions, largely based on the underlying income factors of the residents. Conversely, France has long sought to provide a balanced method that seeks to present a useable model to the rest of the world (Fisher et al, 2010). This is best illustrated by the life expectancy rates found in the US of 78.4 and 81.3 in France (Fisher et al, 2010). With numbers sustenance the success factors in France over the prior efforts in the US, the American shift to the more universal system is considered a convergence with modern examples such as France leading the way.A factor that both systems grapple is the high quality of physicians and practitioners that are involved in health care (Palmer, 2014). While the French system is primarily publicly owned and supported, the US policy dictated that many of their institutions are privately owned and operated, presenting further considerations during the transition to universal health care in this nation. This same issue presents itself as a difference between the social policies as the French doctors are paid substantially less than their American counterparts (Palmer, 2014). Ye t, the French approach to this issue was to make subsequent education and associated services free to those in the medical profession, thereby reducing the need for the extravagant wages that many experience in the West (Guilliford et al, 2010). This same measure of policy support is yet absent in the American system, which makes a considerable difference as to where and how a student can learn and practice. This literature suggests that there is a need to make expenses of the medical learning process snipd in order to present a method of paying sporty wage thereby allowing the entirety of the population to receive the same quality of care, regardless of financial position or social standing.The outgo levels for medical needs in the United States far outweigh those experienced in French system, demonstrating effective policy (Palmer, 2014). In part due to the speedily rising cost of health care, the American system was forced to shift to a universal policy in order to slow the i mpact that this substantial cost on the overall economic outlook for the nation. With both nations providing a social policy of immediate emergency care, there was a widespread perception in the US that this would alleviate much of the lower class medical issues, yet, conversely, this phenomena of utilizing emergency care for routine care served to drastically increase the need for funding from the national level, thereby prompting new policy modelled on systems including the UK and Canada (Palmer, 2014). This is in contrast to the French model, which involves more spending per citizen, but has shown positive performance in response to spending levels.The United States policy of health care has a compulsory insurance assign this is designed to ensure that each citizen has insurance (Palmer, 2014). Conversely, the French system utilizes a series of reimbursements based on wages in order to issue the same medical services. In some ways, the perception of the US system has been cited as a form of increased taxation on the healthy, with these views stating that they are supporting the poor of the nation. Despite the strength of health care available in the United States, until recently there was a marked increase in the value, with many of the citizens putting off routine care in favour of waiting for emergency, which in turn inflated health be of every level (Palmer, 2014). However, France overcame this issue by establishing oversight panels that ensure that fair access is assured and that the population has access to the same general level of care.A common component of both nations health care policy is the multiple layers of bureaucrats and agencies that dictate policy (Flynn, 2010). Both nations cite the need to reduce the layers of oversight in order to streamline the process, which would in theory reduce administration costs and aid the both nation and industry. In a very real manner, this evidence suggests that the long term capacity to develop a working system will be found by taking the best of the existing structures and using these as a hind end for growth.3. ConclusionThis essay has examined the social policies of France and the United States in the field of health care in order to evaluate and compare their offerings. The evidence presented illustrates a position of French strength through communal action. With proven records supporting the reduction in health issues, rise in life expectancy and overall positive implementation there is a model for progress. Alternately, the private system once favored in the United States has evolved to a more UK or Canadian style system that requires consumer participation. This recognition and development on the part of the American nation is deemed an example of the convergence/functionalist theory with the expanse seeking to alleviate many of the social health issues by implementing a system similar to other nations. An area of weakness demonstrated in both societies that have the poten tial to raise issues in the future is the presence of an over regulated system. With so many different agencies responsible for the oversight and regulation of the same industry, there is a need to coordinate and simplify the process in order to aid both the consumer and the provider. Further, this area is habituated to political partisanship or bias, which in turn has a direct impact on the quality of care and policy that develops.In the end, the social policy of health care has been deemed of critical import for both France and the United States. Yet, just as the nations are culturally unique yet share traits, so too will the health care issue, with both nations seeking to address the same issue though slightly differing means. Only time will judge which has been the better approach.4. ReferencesBaldock, J., 2013. Social policy. initiative ed. Cambridge, UK Polity.Dutton, P., 2007. Differential diagnoses. 1st ed. Ithaca ILR Press/Cornell University Press.Feldstein, P., 2012. Hea lth care economics. 1st ed. New York Wiley.Fisher, K. and Collins, J., 2010. Homelessness, health care, and public assistance provision. 1st ed. London Routledge.Flynn, N., 2010 Social Policy, fiscal problems & economic performance in France, United Kingdom & Germany. London, 1(1). pp. 65-100.Gulliford, M. and Morgan, M., 2010. Expanding access to health care. 1st ed. Armonk, N.Y. M.E. Sharpe.Hantrais, L., 2010. French social policy in the European context. Modern & Contemporary France, 3(4), pp.381390.Hoffman, B., 2008. 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